Management styles and knowledge cultures, past, present and future, related to multiple-use and urban woodlands

This paper is based on interviews with fifteen professionals within ecology, forestry and park and landscape architecture. The interviewees are believed to have had a large influence on woodland planning in Sweden between 1950 and 2000. They have won recognition because of their ability to transform theoretical knowledge into practical action. Their work is translating theory into practice and, as such, it may be regarded as art in its deepest sense. During a long period the educational system as well as the dominating research has been concentrating on providing better facts in a search for the best knowledge, high degrees of generality and objectivity. However, this may cause many disadvantages. It has lead to a standardisation and an oversimplification of knowledge and thereby also to an oversimplification of the landscape. This study is based on a humanistic approach, on theory of knowledge, of how facts coming from the world of natural sciences can be encapsulated in daily woodland management.     

大豆抗大豆花叶病毒研究进展

由大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)引起的大豆花叶病毒病是一种世界性大豆病害,严重地影响了大豆的产量和品质.本文介绍了国内外大豆抗SMV的最新研究进展,主要包括:抗源筛选、抗性遗传、抗性基因的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择以及大豆对SMV候选抗性基因的研究等,并对该领域的研究进行了初步展望,以期为大豆抗SMV分子育种和抗性候选基因的功能研究提供参考.     

Improved Quality of Lentil Using Molecular Marker Technology

Abstract

A number of molecular marker techniques have been applied to improve the quality of cultivated lentil, aiding in the breeding and release of better adapted varieties and in quality assurance of export product. Continued increase in lentil production is dependent on the identification of present and potential limiting factors to the progression of lentil breeding. In particular, this chapter is concerned with limitations related to the threat from disease, limitations on the availability of genetic resources and quality assurance issues. The application of molecular markers in the development of strategies to help combat such threats is discussed.     

QTL Mapping for Rice RVA Properties Using High-Throughput Re-sequenced Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines

The rapid visco analyser （RVA） profile is an important factor for evaluation of the cooking and eating quality of rice. To improve rice quality, the identification of new quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for RVA profiling is of great significance. We used a japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare as the recipient and indica rice 9311 as the donor to develop a population containing 38 chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） genotyped by a high-throughput re-sequencing strategy. In this study, the population and the parent lines, which contained similar apparent amylose contents, were used to map the QTLs of RVA properties including peak paste viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV）, cool paste viscosity （CPV）, breakdown viscosity （BKV）, setback viscosity （SBV）, consistency viscosity （CSV）, peak time （PET） and pasting temperature （PAT）. QTL analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett＇s test, and stable QTLs were identified over two years and under two environments. We identified 10 stable QTLs： qPKV2-1, qSBV2-1; qPKV5-1, qHPV5-1, qCPV5-1; qPKV7-1, qHPV7-1, qCPV7-1, qSBV7-1; and qPKV8-1 on chromosomes 2, 5, 7 and 8, respectively, with contributions ranging from -95.6% to 47.1%. Besides, there was pleiotropy in the QTLs on chromosomes 2, 5 and 7.     

Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of Light Brown Spotted Leaf Mutant in Rice

A light brown spotted-leaf mutant of rice was isolated from an ethane methyl sulfonate (EMS)- induced IR64 mutant bank. The mutant, designated as lbsl1 (light brown spotted-leaf 1), displayed light brown spot in the whole growth period from the first leaf to the flag leaf under natural summer field conditions. Agronomic traits including plant height, growth duration, number of filled grains per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the mutant were significantly affected. Genetic analysis showed that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively named lbsl1(t), which was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6. By developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, the gene was finally delimited to an interval of 130 kb between markers RM586 and RM588. The lbsl1(t) gene is likely a novel rice spotted-leaf gene since no other similar genes have been identified near the chromosomal region. The genetic data and recombination populations provided will facilitate further fine-mapping and cloning of the gene.     

基于温热BC1群体的农艺性状QTL定位

利用昌7-2与热带自交系CML451构建的BC₁群体开花期、株高以及产量相关性状进行QTL定位分析。通过复合区间作图方法共检测到与散粉期、抽丝期、株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗轴粗、穗行数8个性状相关联的QTL 26个。控制散粉期的qDTP5被定位于第5染色体上的umc1523-bnlg1660标记区间,其解释了16%表型变异;控制株高的qPH3被定位于第3染色体上的bnlg1798-bnlg1852标记区间,解释了19.9%表型变异;控制穗位高的qEH10-2被定位于第10染色体上的umc1911-bnlg594标记区间,解释了13.4%表型变异;控制穗长的qEL10-2被定位于第10染色体的bnlg1250-bnlg594区间,解释了13%表型变异;控制穗粗的qED5、控制穗轴粗的qCD5、控制穗行数的qER5均被定位于第5染色体上的bnlg1660-bnlg1208区间,分别解释了18.1%、11.3%与21.8%表型变异;qED7定位于第7染色体上的umc1154-umc1799区间,与穗粗相关,解释了21.9%表型变异。     

Identification of QTLs for growth period traits in soybean using association analysis and linkage mapping

The growth period traits of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) are quantitatively inherited and crucial for its adaptation to different environments. Association analysis and linkage mapping were used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for days to flowering (DF), days from flowering to maturity (DFM) and days to maturity (DM). Considering the effect of sowing date, the phenotypes were evaluated in three or four sowing‐date‐experiments in each year. A total of 96 associations, involving 19 SSRs corresponding to DF, DFM and/or DM, were identified by association mapping. Six, eight and two QTLs were observed relating to DF, DFM and DM by linkage mapping, respectively, and some QTLs were shared by DF, DFM and DM. Four SSRs (Satt150, Satt489, Satt172 and Sat_312) were found to be related to the growth period traits using the two mapping methods. In summary, association analysis and linkage mapping can complement and verify results from both methods to identify QTLs in soybean, and these findings may be useful in facilitating the selection of growth period–related traits via marker‐assisted selection.     

Fine‐mapping a fibre strength QTL QFS‐D11‐1 on cotton chromosome 21 using introgressed lines

An initial F₂ mapping population of 223 plants of the cross between TM‐1 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) × H102 (Gossypium barbadense L.) was used to map QTLs controlling fibre strength in cotton. A genetic linkage map with 408 SSR markers was constructed with a total length of 3872.6 cM. Multiple‐QTL model of the software MapQTL version 5.0 was used to map QTLs related to fibre strength of the F_2 : 3 population. QTL QFS‐D11‐1 conferring fibre strength was mapped between NAU2950 and NAU4855 on chromosome 21 (Chr. 21) which explained 23.4% of phenotypic variation. Introgressed lines (ILs), that is, IL‐D11‐1, IL‐D11‐2 and IL‐D11‐3 were obtained through marker‐assisted backcrossing in TM‐1 background. An F₂ population of 758 plants derived from cross IL‐D11‐2 × TM‐1 was used for fine‐mapping QTL QFS‐D11‐1. QFS‐D11‐1 was mapped between markers NAU2110 and NAU2950, adjacent to its initial interval NAU2950–NAU4855 with phenotypic variation explaining 35.8%. QFS‐D11‐1 was further mapped to 0.6 cM from the flanking marker NAU2950. The results will give a basis for marker‐assisted selection of QFS‐D11‐1 in cotton breeding and to lay the foundation for cloning QFS‐D11‐1.     

中国大麦地方品种的遗传多样性及α-淀粉酶活性的 全基因组关联分析

【目的】了解中国大麦地方品种的遗传多样性,为大麦α-淀粉酶活性基因寻找有效的分子标记。【方法】利用覆盖全基因组的41对简单重复序列（SSR）标记引物,对257份中国大麦地方品种进行PCR扩增;采用Nei’s遗传距离和邻接（neighbour-joining）法进行聚类分析;在对群体结构和连锁不平衡分析的基础上,进行基于全基因组的表型与基因型的关联分析。【结果】共鉴定出709个等位变异,平均每个位点的等位变异数为17个。41个SSR标记位点的多态性信息指数（PI）变化范围为0.23（Bmag 0385）—0.94（Bmac0032）,平均为0.6385。257个中国大麦地方品种聚合成9个不同的结构类群,发现5个与大麦α-淀粉酶活性显著关联的标记位点。【结论】中国大麦地方品种中蕴藏着丰富的遗传等位变异;各类群的特性和品种来源符合“遗传关系密切、表型特征特性相同、地理生态相近”的同类群聚集规律。在5个关联位点中,位于7H染色体上的Bmag0385位点,其等位变异A215的酶活增强效应最大;此外,7H上Bmac0273的等位变异A141的增效作用较大,可用于啤酒大麦育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

玉米隐性矮秆突变体的遗传分析与初步定位

利用3个回交后代分离群体结合混合分群法,对发现的玉米矮秆平展叶突变体的遗传机理进行了初步分析.结果表明,该突变体主要是由于植株节间长缩短而导致株高降低,同时穗上叶夹角接近直角,表现为典型的一因多效作用.遗传分析结果表明,该材料的株高与叶夹角变异由1对隐性基因控制.利用SSR标记将该基因定位在玉米第3染色体的3.05 bin,位于SSR标记umc2265和umc2166之间,遗传距离分别为2.5和5.4 cM.